Israeli armor advances against Egyptian troops at the start of the Six-Day War June 5, 1967, near the southern Gaza Strip town of Rafah.
The border between Gaza and Israel has once again become the focal point for clashesbetween protesters and Israeli troops, as Palestinians commemorate the anniversary of their expulsion from Israeli land and demand “a right to return” and the end of the decade-long Israeli blockade on the strip.
This week’s demonstrations are the culmination of weeks of protests at the border — but how did the location become such a flashpoint?
Due in part to its desirable coastal location, the land now known as Gaza has been fought over from time to time for centuries, but the modern conflict over the region dates to 1948. Before that time, the area known today as the Gaza Strip — a 140-square-mile stretch of land hugging the Mediterranean coast — was under British colonial rule as part of its larger post-World War I “Mandate for Palestine.” The region had for centuries been home to a Muslim Arab majority and small Jewish and Christian minorities, but as European Jews fled in the years around the Holocaust, the Jewish population grew sharply — as did Western support, particularly in the U.S. under President Harry Truman, for the idea of finding a home for the Jewish people.
In 1947, a newly formed United Nations approved a plan to partition the region into a Jewish and an Arab state. The Palestinian Arabs, backed by Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Egypt, rejected the plan, as it gave them less than half the land despite their outnumbering Jewish residents two to one. But the leaders of what was to be Israel agreed to it and moved ahead on their own. On May 14, 1948, on the day of Britain’s departure from the region, Zionist groups lead by David Ben-Gurion declared Israel a state. The first Arab-Israeli war broke out the next day.
Egyptian forces set up a base in the town of Gaza and attempted to drive the Israelis back but, by that autumn, the area they controlled around the town was just about 25 miles long and 5 miles wide. When Egypt and Israel reached an armistice in February, the borders of the Gaza strip were drawn up and it remained under Egyptian control.
Egyptian Rule
Three quarters of a million Palestinians fled or were expelled from their homes in the land that became Israel during 1948, during a period they call “al-Nakba” or “The Catastrophe.” Even though Egypt controlled Gaza, the Palestinian refugees who ended up in the Gaza Strip were not allowed by the government to pass into the rest of Egypt. Having lost their homes and livelihoods, around 500,000 people became dependent on U.N. aid.
Gaza remained under Egyptian military rule until the Suez Canal Crisis of 1956, when Egypt nationalized that major shipping route in defiance of Britain and France, preventing Israeli ships from passing through the canal. In response, Israel invaded Gaza, occupying the strip for a year before international pressure forced them to give it back to Egypt.
The Six-Day War
In June 1967, years of escalating border skirmishes and small-scale guerrilla attacks, exacerbated by the tensions of the Cold War, came to a head in the Six-Day War.
Acutely aware of their vulnerable position and with the memory of the Holocaust still fresh, Israel had built a powerful and well-organized military. On the morning of June 5, 1967, anticipating a move from its Arab neighbors, which had just signed a defense pact, Israel launched a stunning preemptive strike, wiping out most of Egypt’s air force, followed by those of Jordan and Syria in the afternoon. This left the Arab states’ armies vulnerable and over the next five days of fighting the Israelis expanded their territory dramatically, capturing the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the Golan Heights from Syria and the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan.
After 2,000 years of exile, all of Judaism’s holy sites were now under Jewish control. Images of Israeli soldiers capturing the Western Wall in Jerusalem became iconic. Some Israeli politicians warned that the size of the new Israel would make future conflict inevitable, but religious Jews believed the capturing of their holy sites was a miracle bestowed by God, which could not be given up. Israel stationed troops in Gaza and began to build settlements in the newly occupied territories, in defiance of international law that prohibits occupiers from settling their people on the land they capture.
In Gaza, more than 1 million refugees were left under Israeli rule. The defeat invigorated a fledgling Palestinian national movement, with the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) gained new influence.
Ongoing Tension
In 1993, the PLO and Israel signed the Oslo Peace Accords. Israel relinquished control of parts of Gaza and the West Bank to a semi-autonomous government, the Palestinian Authority, in exchange for an agreement to stem violence by Palestinian guerilla groups, including Hamas, which had formed during violent clashes between Palestinians and Israeli troops in 1987. But the Palestinian Authority could not stop the attacks and Israel refused to dismantle its remaining settlements.
Hamas, which had established social and educational programs in Gaza, rode a wave of popularity to an election victory in 2006 but fell into a week-long battle with the ruling party, Fatah, which took control of the West Bank.
After Hamas’ election, Israel imposed a land, air and sea blockade on the strip, which human-rights organizations say has stifled the economy and had devastating effects on life in Gaza. An estimated 80% of the 1.3 million Palestinian refugees in Gaza rely on aid and over half a million live in refugee camps.
Sporadic rocket fire and attacks from Hamas and other militant groups in Gaza have been met with several bombing campaigns and land assaults from Israel. Tensions flare every year in the weeks leading up to the anniversary of “Nakba day.” Organizers of this year’s protest expect it to be the largest in history.
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